Marlene Dumas. One of the most important figurative painters of our age, South Africa -born contemporary artist Marlene Dumas rarely paints from life, and yet her …Great Women Painters is a book that everyone should include in their art history library, which features more than 300 female artists from around the world in a diverse compilation of historical and …Mireille Astore (born 1961), Lebanese-born photographer, sculptor, performance artist, writer. Louisa Atkinson (1834–1872), illustrator, botanist, writer. Yvonne Audette (born 1930), painter. Australian poster collectives, 1960s, 70s and 80s, women were leaders in the poster collective movement. Narelle Autio (born 1969), photographer.Died. March 2, 1895 (Paris, France) Notable Artwork. Lady at Her Toilette. Movement. Impressionism. In 1841, Berthe Morisot was born in Bruges, France. At the age of 11, she and her family moved to Paris, where she—like most other wealthy young girls—received private art lessons from Joseph Guichard, a French painter.Sep 7, 2023 ... 10 Canadian Female Painters to Love. Prudence Heward, Maud Lewis, Gathie Falk, Emily Carr, and Lilias Torrance Newton and more...There are so many artists out there in the world, these are the contemporary female artists that you should be aware of. Published in. Erin M. Riley at P.P.O.W …Jan 13, 2021 · I invite you to celebrate and honor these talented women with me, let’s take a look at 12 contemporary Spanish female artists who will empower your creativity. 1. Cristina Iglesias. Cristina is a sculptor and engraver from the Basque Country. She’s known for using different materials like alabaster, resine, iron and organic waste applied to ... A 21st-century renaissance. Michelangelo, Leonardo, and the famed male artists of the Renaissance deservedly remain central figures in art history. But they are only half the story. Despite obstacles, women were exceptional artists in the Renaissance. Today’s task is to continue to recover them from the dusty back shelves, storage rooms, …10 Female Painters Who Shaped Art History Many female painters have made significant contributions to art history. Not only did they create masterpieces, but they pioneered art movements and painting techniques that inspire artists today.Artemisia Gentileschi (1593–c. 1652)Italian Baroque painter Artemisia Gentileschi was the first …12 Famous Female Painters Every Art Lover Should Know. 8 Famous Artists’ Studios You Can Visit Today. 10 Real-Life People Who Became the Stars of Art History’s Most Famous Paintings. Jessica Stewart. Jessica Stewart is a Contributing Writer and Digital Media Specialist for My Modern Met, as well as a curator and art historian.Feb 11, 2019 · The Horse Fair 1855. Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899) and Nathalie Micas (c.1824–1899) (possibly) The National Gallery, London. Incredibly famous during the nineteenth century (there was even a porcelain doll made in her likeness), Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899) was the eldest child in a French family of artists. To make a small dent, here are 14 women painters who were working in the 19th and 20th centuries who were forgotten in art history up until recently.This is a list of women artists who were born in Ireland or whose artworks are closely associated with that country. ... Maude Mary Ball (1883–1969), painter and sculptor; Ethel Gresley Ball (1886–1959), painter and sculptor; Moyra Barry (1886–1960), flower painter; Rose Maynard Barton (1856–1929), painter;The Dutch Golden Age’s Female Painters Finally Receive a Show of Their Own. A new exhibition at the National Museum of Women in the Arts spotlights eight unheralded 17th- and 18th-century artists.Differences in Male and Female Brain Structure - Male and female brain structure really aren't the same: men use more gray matter, while women use white matter. Explore male and fe...Rebecca Horn. Rebecca Horn is a pioneering female artist in Germany: She was the first woman to become a professor at the Berlin University of Arts in 1989, as well as the first to be awarded the ... Also: United Kingdom: People: By occupation: Women artists: Women painters This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:British painters . It includes painters that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. The painter reframing ‘dandies’ for the female gaze. Link Copied! Painter Sarah Ball, in her studio with her large-scale works (left to right) "Pink Elliot," "Elliot" and …British women painters (4 C, 165 P) British women photographers (6 C, 56 P) S. Scottish women artists (12 C, 49 P) British women sculptors (4 C, 48 P) W. Welsh women artists (8 C, 4 P) Pages in category "British women artists" The following 130 pages are in this category, out of 130 total.Plautilla Nelli was the inspiration for the formation of Advancing Women Artists. In the 1500s, she painted in Florence, and her large-scale religious artworks are a valuable exception in history. Plautilla Nelli, a Renaissance convent artist, was Florence’s first documented female painter. Pulisena Margherita Nelli …Prudence Heward was a Canadian painter primarily known for her painting of defiant women, regardless of the popularity of landscape painting during her lifetime. She liked to use bold and rich colours, challenging conventional representations of passivity while creating portraits of independent, complex, and brooding modern women.Mar 23, 2021 · 10 Female Painters Who Shaped Art History Many female painters have made significant contributions to art history. Not only did they create masterpieces, but they pioneered art movements and painting techniques that inspire artists today.Artemisia Gentileschi (1593–c. 1652)Italian Baroque painter Artemisia Gentileschi was the first female member of the prestigious Accademia de Arte del ... Called A Tale of Two Women Painters: Sofonisba Anguissola and Lavinia Fontana, this marvelous exhibition brings together key works by two of the most notable women painters of the second half of the sixteenth century. Sofonisba Anguissola is the subject of two of the novels in this post: Sofonisba: Portraits of the Soul , by Chiara …Died. March 2, 1895 (Paris, France) Notable Artwork. Lady at Her Toilette. Movement. Impressionism. In 1841, Berthe Morisot was born in Bruges, France. At the age of 11, she and her family moved to Paris, where she—like most other wealthy young girls—received private art lessons from Joseph Guichard, a French painter.Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653) Lavinia’s career arguably paved the way for Artemisia Gentileschi, one of the most prominent women painters of the following generation. Like Lavinia, Artemisia was trained in Rome by her father, Orazio, and mastered Caravaggio’s techniques of rendering light and shadows with him.Who were the great women artists from history? Come on a tour of some of the paintings painted by women in the National Gallery collection, including Elisabe...Called A Tale of Two Women Painters: Sofonisba Anguissola and Lavinia Fontana, this marvelous exhibition brings together key works by two of the most notable women painters of the second half of the sixteenth century. Sofonisba Anguissola is the subject of two of the novels in this post: Sofonisba: Portraits of the Soul , by Chiara …Judith Leyster. Although women like Maria van Oosterwijck and Rachel Ruysch had a great influence in the painting world, there is one woman who managed to make quite a big impression. In 1633, Judith Leyster (1609-1660) was the first woman in the Western world to be recognized as a master painter.Lygia Clark. Lygia Clark. Lygia Clark was one of several artists during the 1960s in Brazil to pioneer interactive, immersive art, as an attempt to break down the boundaries between life and art. She began her practice by exploring geometric abstraction while the realism was still the dominant motif in Rio de Janeiro.Also: United Kingdom: People: By occupation: Women artists: Women painters. This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:British painters. It includes painters that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. ...Joan Eardley. It’s been over four decades since Joan Eardley’s passing, however, her influence is undeniable and her work profound. Although she is not as well-known as other British female contemporary artists, her work is being recognized and appreciated by a younger generation of artists, and rightly so. Her work, which documents ...Between 1780 and 1810, many French women painters reached impressive heights of artistic achievement and professional success. Despite a cap on the number of women admitted to France’s prestigious Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, and restrictions that barred women from the life drawing classes attended by young men …LL Cool J a la John Singer Sargent. Ice T as Napoleon by David. A black man in a green hoodie with Hanes tidy whities peeking, posing like that scandalous languorous marble sculptu...Jul 4, 2020 · Meet 1o Canadian female artists whose unique and affordable work just might catch your eye. Rachel Hawkes Cameron. Whether working on large-scale canvas or paper, ... Female painters were exceedingly unusual for these reasons, and those who did make it were often schooled by a close relative, in van Hemessen’s case, by her father, Jan Sanders van Hemessen. 6. Fede Galizia. Fede Galizia (c. 1578 – c. 1630) was an Italian Renaissance painter of still-lifes, portraits, and religious images.New Zealand women painters (115 P) New Zealand women photographers (46 P) S. New Zealand women sculptors (15 P) Pages in category "New Zealand women artists" The following 113 pages are in this category, out of 113 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. -List of New Zealand women artists; A.The Australian: 25 female artists you should know. NAS alumnae Julie Rrap, Fiona Foley, Fiona Hall, Margaret Olley and lecturer Grace Crowley are featured in this article. Find out more through the link below. Image: Fiona Foley, Who are these strangers and where are they going? installation view, 2020.New Zealand women painters (115 P) New Zealand women photographers (46 P) S. New Zealand women sculptors (15 P) Pages in category "New Zealand women artists" The following 113 pages are in this category, out of 113 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. -List of New Zealand women artists; A.Apr 9, 2022 ... 8 Female Renaissance and Baroque Artists You Should Know · 1. Catharina or Caterina van Hemessen (1528-1565) · 2. Sofonisba Anguissola (1532- ...Female Artists to Have on Your Radar in 2022. Creativity never stops, even during a pandemic. Art has continued to thrive since March 2020, despite the impact of lockdown on creative industries, galleries, and art shows. Artists have kept working to hone their craft, producing artworks which provide a commentary on …Marlene Dumas. One of the most important figurative painters of our age, South Africa -born contemporary artist Marlene Dumas rarely paints from life, and yet her …From 17th-century Spanish painter Diego Velázquez, who used brushstrokes reminiscent of 19th-century Impressionist painters, to trailblazer Jean-Michel Basquiat, who brought graffiti into the gallery, these artists set trends rather than follow tradition. Some, like Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, specialized …The chart shows differences in the proportion of female and male work for each medium. For example, 11% of works by female artists on the platform are drawings versus 9% of the works by men, with a resulting difference of approximately 2%. Of the works by male artists, 54% are paintings versus 53% by women, with …By Tessa Solomon. July 27, 2020 4:47pm. Berthe Morisot, The Garden at Maurecourt, ca. 1884 Courtesy Toledo Museum of Art. When the Impressionists debuted their work as a …Surrealism connects our daily lives to the world of fantasy, dreams, and desire. While figures like Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Max Ernst are often the names that come to mind, a host of intriguing women were associated with the Surrealist movement that emerged between the World Wars, including Claude Cahun, Frida Kahlo, Dora Maar ...Developmental disorders of the female reproductive tract are problems in the reproductive organs of a baby girl. They occur while she is growing in her mother's womb. Developmental...Are you a talented painter looking for work? In today’s competitive job market, it’s crucial to market yourself effectively to stand out from the crowd. One of the most important a...Nov 20, 2016 ... Famous Female Painters You Need to Know · Leonora Carrington - The Ultimate Surrealist · Joan Mitchell - Painting Big · Etel Adnan - Moving&nb...To celebrate the wide range of art by contemporary female artists, we invite you to get to know these 10 artists whose work we highlighted in our Online Shop. Irina Ojovan. "Profile N 67", 2022. Oil on paper. 41,5 x 31,5 cm. Courtesy of COSAR.Here are 10 fascinating women artists who left a lasting mark on history that you should definitely know. 10. Remedios Varo (1908 – 1963): The Almost Forgotten Woman Artist. The name of the great Surrealist Remedios Varo has been known in Mexico for years, but it was ignored by the rest of the world until recent …To mark International Women's Day, I present a dozen modern Scottish women painters I think you should know. The artists are listed in alphabetical order by surname, from Wilhelmina Barns-Graham to Anna Zinkeisen. They range from Mabel Pryde Nicholson, who was born in 1871, to Pat Douthwaite, who was born in 1934 (though she always gave her ...With her move to Florentine, Gentileschi became a court painter and began creating some of her most iconic works. Judith Slaying Holofernes and Jael and Sisera are two such examples, though she also has many greats from other eras. Judith Slaying Holofernes (1620) by Artemisia Gentileschi. Image courtesy of the Uffizi Gallery.Called A Tale of Two Women Painters: Sofonisba Anguissola and Lavinia Fontana, this marvelous exhibition brings together key works by two of the most notable women painters of the second half of the sixteenth century. Sofonisba Anguissola is the subject of two of the novels in this post: Sofonisba: Portraits of the Soul , by Chiara …Maruja is the pioneer of avant-garde Spanish female artists of the 20th century and a great friend of surrealist Salvador Dalí. Maruja studied art in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid. She was a painter and illustrator, who belonged to literary art circles of Spanish society.France’s capital city called to artists throughout the 1800s, a beacon of light and culture that drew in painters and sculptors from around the world its salons and academies. Among them were ...Women Artists at the Museum of Modern Art. The Book Exhibitions Artists Images Videos Blog. Women Artists in the Online Collection. View: All / Also in the Book. View list of all artists in the book. Aino Aalto (Finnish, 1894–1949) [1] Magdalena Abakanowicz (Polish, 1930–2017) [6] Berenice AbbottFemale painters in an evolving art world. When it comes to art history, representation of female artists is overdue. Like their male counterparts, each of these artists brings a unique perspective to the field of wildlife art.Painting a home or business can be a daunting task, and it’s important to understand the factors that affect painter prices before hiring a professional. Knowing what to expect whe... To mark International Women's Day, I present a dozen modern Scottish women painters I think you should know. The artists are listed in alphabetical order by surname, from Wilhelmina Barns-Graham to Anna Zinkeisen. They range from Mabel Pryde Nicholson, who was born in 1871, to Pat Douthwaite, who was born in 1934 (though she always gave her ... A Dutch Golden Age artist, Leyster was one of only a few female painters who joined a guild in the seventeenth century. She mainly painted genre and portrait works, and her self portrait at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. is a vibrant and energetic example – she portrays herself as a confident, smart professional, ready for work.Cristina BanBan @Cristina_banban. Cristina BanBan, CIELITO, 2020 Acrylic on canvas, 14 x 11 inches. Image courtesy of the artist. Cristina BanBan is a Spanish artist who currently lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. Banban received her BA in Fine Arts from the University of Barcelona in Barcelona, Spain.Item added to your cart. 14 Famous Female Painters Every Art Lover Should Know By Jessica Stewart on February 28, 2023 The history of art is littered with the names of great men—Leonardo da Vinci, Vincent Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, etc. But what about the women who have helped shape the world's visual …The painter reframing ‘dandies’ for the female gaze. Link Copied! Painter Sarah Ball, in her studio with her large-scale works (left to right) "Pink Elliot," "Elliot" and …Lavinia Fontana (1552 – August 11, 1614) was a Bolognese Mannerist painter best known for her portraiture. She was trained by her father Prospero Fontana and was active in Bologna and Rome. She is regarded as the first female career artist in Western Europe as she relied on commissions for her income.Painting can be a daunting task, especially if you’re not experienced in the trade. If you’re looking for a professional job, it’s best to hire a professional painter. But how much...The editors of Artists Magazine asked a group of contemporary award-winning female artists to nominate a historical female artist they admire and draw inspiration from. …Amy 1928. Winifred Nicholson (1893–1981) Jerwood Collection. Glass c.1935. Dod Procter (1892–1972) Jerwood Collection. In addition, with only 3 to 5 per cent of works in major permanent collections in the US and Europe (statistic from National Museum of Women in the Arts) by female artists, giving visibility to these artworks is only a start.Died. March 2, 1895 (Paris, France) Notable Artwork. Lady at Her Toilette. Movement. Impressionism. In 1841, Berthe Morisot was born in Bruges, France. At the age of 11, she and her family moved to Paris, where she—like most other wealthy young girls—received private art lessons from Joseph Guichard, a French painter.Rosa Bonheur was a master of realism and received recognition on an unprecedented scale as a female artist in the 19th century. Known for her incredible realistic painting often showcasing animals, she was only 19 when she exhibited her first artwork titled “Two charming groups of a goat, sheep,and rabbits” (1814) in …Jan 13, 2021 · I invite you to celebrate and honor these talented women with me, let’s take a look at 12 contemporary Spanish female artists who will empower your creativity. 1. Cristina Iglesias. Cristina is a sculptor and engraver from the Basque Country. She’s known for using different materials like alabaster, resine, iron and organic waste applied to ... No job is too big or too small for Women at Work! Proudly serving central New York for 25 years with professional painting services. With Women at work you can feel confident your next painting project, whether it be painting kitchen cabinets, one room, or your entire home or office building, interior or exterior – our goal is success and something to enjoy for …You will use a catheter (tube) to drain urine from your bladder. You may need a catheter because you have urinary incontinence (leakage), urinary retention (not being able to urina...When it comes to taking care of your car’s appearance, one of the most crucial aspects is its paint job. Over time, your vehicle’s paint can become faded, chipped, or scratched, le...Meet six women artists of Hudson River School below. 1. Louisa Davis Minot. Women of Hudson River School: Louisa Davis Minot, Niagara Falls from the American Side, 1818, New York Historical Society, New York, NY, USA. Louisa Davis Minot is known only through two paintings of Niagara Falls. They are …Female painters were exceedingly unusual for these reasons, and those who did make it were often schooled by a close relative, in van Hemessen’s case, by her father, Jan Sanders van Hemessen. 6. Fede Galizia. Fede Galizia (c. 1578 – c. 1630) was an Italian Renaissance painter of still-lifes, portraits, and religious images.Also: United Kingdom: People: By occupation: Women artists: Women painters. This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:British painters. It includes painters that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. ...The Australian: 25 female artists you should know. NAS alumnae Julie Rrap, Fiona Foley, Fiona Hall, Margaret Olley and lecturer Grace Crowley are featured in this article. Find out more through the link below. Image: Fiona Foley, Who are these strangers and where are they going? installation view, 2020.Contemporary women artists around the world still face obstacles & disparities. Learn about the gender inequalities in the arts with some eye-opening facts.Lavinia Fontana (1552 – August 11, 1614) was a Bolognese Mannerist painter best known for her portraiture. She was trained by her father Prospero Fontana and was active in Bologna and Rome. She is regarded as the first female career artist in Western Europe as she relied on commissions for her income.100 female artists you should know. Sabine Oelze db. 06/29/2020. 100 years ago, women were finally allowed to study at art academies. Yet today, they still are eclipsed by their male colleagues ...Jan 13, 2021 · I invite you to celebrate and honor these talented women with me, let’s take a look at 12 contemporary Spanish female artists who will empower your creativity. 1. Cristina Iglesias. Cristina is a sculptor and engraver from the Basque Country. She’s known for using different materials like alabaster, resine, iron and organic waste applied to ... Sarah Purser HRHA (1848 – 1943) and An Túr Gloine. A portraitist and stained glass artist, Purser studied at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art and in Paris, and exhibited in the RHA throughout her life. She was extremely active in the Dublin art world, and was a member of the Board of the National Gallery of Ireland from 1914 to 1943.In 1951, Mitchell was one of a handful of women included in the history-making “Ninth Street Show,” which cemented Abstract Expressionism as a movement to watch—as well as her own place amongst older practitioners like the de Koonings, Robert Motherwell, Hans Hofmann, Krasner, Pollock, and more.1. Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun (1755–1842) One of the very first names in our list of famous female painters is Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun, who was born on 16 April 1755 and died on 30 March 1842. She is also known as Madame Le Brun, and was a French portrait painter, especially of women, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.In 1934, one of California’s most significant female Surrealists, Helen Lundeberg, and her husband, Lorser Feitelson, created what became known as Post-Surrealism, penning the only U.S. manifesto to challenge André Breton ’s European Surrealism—which advocated for the expression of “pure, psychic automatism.”.People of all genders can experience out-of-control sexual behavior, or "sex addiction." We look at how this affects males and females. Females can experience out-of-control sexual...20 Female Painters Who Shaped Art History: Artemisia Gentileschi. Frida Kahlo. Mary Cassatt. Georgia O'Keeffe. Berthe Morisot. Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun. Rosa Bonheur. …British women painters (4 C, 165 P) British women photographers (6 C, 56 P) S. Scottish women artists (12 C, 49 P) British women sculptors (4 C, 48 P) W. Welsh women artists (8 C, 4 P) Pages in category "British women artists" The following 130 pages are in this category, out of 130 total.7. Camille Claudel (1864 – 1943) One of France’s most famous female sculptors is Camille Claudel. She was a student of Auguste Rodin who she met at the age of 18, and started working for him in 1883 in his studio. She was 24 years his junior, and he was already one of the most prominent French artists of all-time.Berthe MorisotAfter Lunch, 1881. One of “the three great ladies” of Impressionism, Berthe Morisot (1841 - 1895) was a French painter and a member of the Parisian circle of Impressionists. She grew up in a bourgeois family and she received, as befitted her role, art education. At that time, it was forbidden for women to copy paintings …
Women painters have changed the way we see the world – even though, throughout history, many remained unseen. This short but highly opinionated guide to 66 .... Nessy reading
Mar 30, 2020 · Berthe MorisotAfter Lunch, 1881. One of “the three great ladies” of Impressionism, Berthe Morisot (1841 - 1895) was a French painter and a member of the Parisian circle of Impressionists. She grew up in a bourgeois family and she received, as befitted her role, art education. At that time, it was forbidden for women to copy paintings at the ... Surrealist painter Frida Kahlo is one of the few female artists to be known worldwide. Of the 200 works she produced, many are self-portraits, or are at least autobiographical, and explore questions of gender, identity, class, and race.She leaves behind a remarkable legacy in the form of her paintings, and is one of the most highly regarded Black female painters in history. Amy Sherald, ‘Michelle Obama’, Wikipedia. 9. Amy Sherald, b. 1973. Amy Sherald is one of the world’s most important Black female painters.10 Women Artists with Major Museum Shows in 2021. Salomé Gómez-Upegui. Mar 8, 2021 3:52PM. Hilma af Klint, The Ten Largest, Group IV, No. 3, Youth, 1907. Courtesy of the Hilma af Klint Foundation …The Female Painter, London, United Kingdom. 332 likes · 1 talking about this. Vastly experienced female painter & decorator covering all aspects of interior & exterior decoratingEarly 20th Century. The Victorian Era. The nineteenth century witnessed a marked increase in the number of professional female artists. A variety of art schools specifically catering for women …In celebration of Women’s History Month, we are sharing the stories of women who challenged both what art could be and who could be an artist Alma Thomas, Autumn Leaves Fluttering in the Breeze ... At the time, artists like Chris Burden were performing feats of strength and extremity. Schneemann instead opened the arena to female artists, as a space for critical reflection where a female nude means much more than beauty and sexual objectification. “Untitled (Your Body is a Battleground),” 1989. Barbara Kruger, 1945-. If you’re a painting contractor, you know that finding quality painters subcontractors can be a challenge. However, hiring subcontractors can actually be the key to your business’s...Berthe MorisotAfter Lunch, 1881. One of “the three great ladies” of Impressionism, Berthe Morisot (1841 - 1895) was a French painter and a member of the Parisian circle of Impressionists. She grew up in a bourgeois family and she received, as befitted her role, art education. At that time, it was forbidden for women to copy paintings …United's giving female artists a very special canvas to show their work: a Boeing 757. United's giving female artists a very special canvas to show their work: a Boeing 757. In ant...Here are 15 female artists you should know about.. 1. YAYOI KUSAMA. Yayoi Kusama is a Japanese contemporary artist who works primarily in sculpture and installation, but is also active in painting, performance, video art, fashion, poetry, fiction, and other arts. Her work is based in conceptual art and shows some … American Painter, 1844–1926. Mary Cassatt—along with her peers, Edgar Degas and Berthe Morisot—created some of the best-loved paintings from the Impressionist movement. Although born in Pennsylvania, Cassatt is often considered to be a French artist, having spent most of her adult life in Paris. Learn about the contributions of 25 of Japan's most famous female artists, from the Edo period to the contemporary, who have innovated and feminized Japanese … Barbara Kruger. Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artists and collagist. Most of her work consists of black and white photographs, overlaid with punchy graphics and catchy slogans that convey her ideas on power, identity and sexuality. This bold aesthetic was inspired by her time working as a graphic designer at Conde Nast. Female artists ♀. This page advocates for better representation of women artists. It addresses the gender imbalance in the presentation of art by bringing to light important women artists of the past and promoting great women artists working today. It is designed to bring recognition to the achievements of women artists of all periods and ... .