As the sod went down last fall, I would be more inclined to put down a n-p-k fertilizer and apply the pre-emergent down the road. Dimension is a good one to use if crabgrass is a concern which can be applied late as well. If your finding weeds, your better off doing spot treatment with a glosphate free chemical such as bioadvance lawn weed and ... Answer: the first time to apply pre-emergent in North Texas is January 27th - February 20th (or a little later during really cold winters). This pre emergent weed control application is primarily made to stop crabgrass, goosegrass, dalisgrass, and most other broadleaf weeds in the early summer months. …However, if a pre-emergent herbicide was applied late February to mid-March, postpone any cultivation practices that will disturb the soil until just before the next pre-emergent herbicide application date. Pre-emergent herbicides create a barrier that keeps weed seeds from germinating. Disturbing the soil after an application will allow weeds ...frenchman – posted 12 February 2004 21:52. You don’t want to scalp your yard until the yard shows first sign of greening up. Also, wait until March about the second week to put it down. tommy – posted 13 February 2004 07:52. Pre-emergence is the last thing you do , because you don’t want to disturb the barrier it makes on the soil surface.Just put down pre-emergent on the lawn earlier this week and it got some good rain and some more coming this afternoon. I used the Scotts crabgrass preventer step 1. I was on vacation for a week earlier and missed a better time for ore-emergent but I don’t think it’s too late. I’m in Zone 6 Eastern MA and new to the whole Milo craze. The exact window for spring pre-emergent applications can vary depending on where you’re geographically located. In the southern most parts of the country, you can begin applying pre-emergents as soon as January 1st. Other areas can apply pre-emergents between March 15th–May 5th while the most northern regions of the country should apply ... Dec 12, 2023 · Pre-emergent herbicides keep weeds and undesirable grasses like crabgrass from invading your turf. When you apply a pre-emergent, it is absorbed by germinating seedlings in the soil and prevents cell division, which results in their death before emergence. There are two main pre-emergent herbicides: dithiopyr (also known as Dimension 2EW ... Targeting them early in the season with a pre-emergent herbicide prevents many weed types from growing. For best results, apply Prodiamine up to two times during the spring when soil temperatures cross 50°F to 55°F and 65°F to 70°F. After the initial application of Prodiamine, I recommend employing a second pre-emergent application of ...Annual ryegrass and annual bluegrass growing in early spring lawn could both have been stopped before they ever got started with application of a pre-emergent made between August 25 and September 5 (a couple of weeks later in South Texas). • Some annual weeds germinate in early fall (very soon now) and are a problem in winter and …Should I also put it down in late February? A: It’s soil temperature rather than air temperature that makes weed seeds germinate. You don’t really need to apply a spring pre emergent herbicide until soil temps are 50 degrees and steadily rising, with little chance of falling back again. That usually occurs in late February so …Apply your first round of crabgrass preventer (also called pre-emergent herbicide) in the early spring before the soil temperature reaches 55 degrees Fahrenheit …How Long is Pre-emergent Effective. Pre-emergent granule will remain most effective in the soil for 45 days after application with limited effectiveness for roughly 2 to 3 months. This is why we recommend a total of 3 applications. Twice in the spring when the average soil temperature warms to 55 degrees with a follow-up application 45-60 days ...Feb 7, 2021 ... More videos you may like · This is Ego's new wet/dry vac - it really does suck. · Quick and Easy way to sharpen mower blades - Lawn Pros an...A pre-emergent herbicide is applied before weeds grow from seeds. This herbicide is applied 2 weeks before germination. If you want to know when to apply fall pre-emergent in north Alabama, you need to know that the perfect time for applying a pre-emergent herbicide in fall is early October. Make sure that you …In times of crisis or unforeseen circumstances, having access to emergency hotel vouchers can be a lifeline for individuals and families who find themselves without a place to stay...The PRE herbicides they are using have soil activity for 6-8 weeks that will address a broad window of crabgrass germination potential and any extension specialist will tell you “it is better to be extra early rather than late when applying preemergence herbicides for crabgrass control.” ...Pre-emergent herbicide is a type of weed killer that works by preventing seed germination. That means you have to apply it before weeds appear. Best Customer Service. 4.9/5. Treat My Lawn. Call 877-386-6512. 50% off for Today’s Homeowner readers*. Best DIY Lawn Service. 4.1/5. Aeration at one or two months after application increased large crabgrass cover 5% for oxadiazon at 2.0 lbs. ai/acre, but not at 4.0 lbs. ai/acre. “In a related Georgia study, it was shown that core aeration at one, two, or three months after an application of oxadiazon did not decrease goosegrass control on a ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass ... Artists often face the challenge of finding galleries that not only appreciate their work but also have a genuine interest in supporting emerging talent. The first step in finding ...Dec 12, 2023 · Pre-emergent herbicides keep weeds and undesirable grasses like crabgrass from invading your turf. When you apply a pre-emergent, it is absorbed by germinating seedlings in the soil and prevents cell division, which results in their death before emergence. There are two main pre-emergent herbicides: dithiopyr (also known as Dimension 2EW ... A preemergent herbicide is a weed killer applied to soil before weed seeds germinate, preventing them from sprouting and establishing roots. Knowing when to apply preemergent is crucial for ...Q: You recommend that, in Atlanta, gardeners should apply pre-emergent on March 1 to prevent crabgrass. What date you recommend in Americus? A: It all depends on soil warmth. Cranbgrass germinates when soil temperatures are 50 degrees and rising. In south Georgia this usually happens around Feb 15. However, last year …Mudge and Roper both recommend applying pre-emergents twice a year, once in the late winter/early spring going into summer and again in the fall. “These times are critical to target (and) avoid ...LAWN PHIX PRO TIPS. The best way I have gotten rid of Poa Annua was by applying a pre-emergent at the end of summer. I’ve also had luck spraying Poa twice with Tenacity (Mesotrione), but the best post-emergent for annual bluegrass is Ethos 4SC (Ethofumesate). In 2022, I skipped fall overseeding and instead spot-sprayed the Poa in …May 16, 2022 · A pre-emergent herbicide is applied before weeds grow from seeds. This herbicide is applied 2 weeks before germination. If you want to know when to apply fall pre-emergent in north Alabama, you need to know that the perfect time for applying a pre-emergent herbicide in fall is early October. Make sure that you remove the spare grass clippings ... They'll inhibit just about any seed from germinating, not just weeds. So, plan accordingly, and maybe skip the herbicide in areas where you hope to see new plants pop up. Watering too soon or too late after applying a pre-emergent can foil your efforts to prevent weeds. The best timing depends on the type of pre-emergent.The best time for applying any crabgrass preventer is in early spring, before crabgrass starts germinating and when soil temperatures rise 55-70 °F. It will help if you put down pre-emergent herbicide before the rainy weather forecast, as rain will allow the pre-emergent to seep into the soil and stop crabgrass growing.For your area, a pre m app in early March will be your best bet for preventing crabgrass. Depending on the type of pre m you use a second app in May or June ...I personally put 1/2 app down in late Feb to early March. The second 1/2 app goes down in middle to late Sept. Thank y'all. In one years time I do the max allowed obviously. The instructions I've read online says do 1/4 of max in spring (when soil temps warm up close to 55F), then another 1/4 in spring approaching 70F.clydebusa said: The big question for pre-emergent weed killers is when to apply them. Pre-emergent herbicides only work if they are applied to your lawn before the weed's growth period. But if applied too early, weather will dilute the herbicide and the weed will grow unencumbered. Two dates to remember are …When it comes to plumbing emergencies, time is of the essence. Ignoring a plumbing issue can lead to further damage and costly repairs. Knowing when to call for emergency plumbing ...Pre-Emergent Timing - This is my first year getting into lawn care. When should I be putting down my fall pre-emergent?The best way to go about it is to prevent those weeds hinting the pre emergent part. The pre-emergent is going to put a barrier over the lawn to stop those seeds from germinating, to eliminate a lot of those weeds from emerging into the lawn throughout the growing season. When applying these spring pre-emergents, it's important to …Combining Pre-emergent and Post-emergent Herbicides. As part of developing a comprehensive and effective weed control strategy, you can apply pre-emergents in early spring when temperatures reach 55°F (13°C). Then, wait about two weeks for temperatures to reach 55 to 85°F (13 to 30°C) to apply a post …The best time for applying any crabgrass preventer is in early spring, before crabgrass starts germinating and when soil temperatures rise 55-70 °F. It will help if you put down pre-emergent herbicide before the rainy weather forecast, as rain will allow the pre-emergent to seep into the soil and stop crabgrass growing.Mar 8, 2022 · Crabgrass pre-emergent herbicides need to be applied in very early spring and then again 90 days later in early summer. The optimal time to do this is 2 weeks before the “average” last freeze date in your area. For the Dallas-Fort Worth areas, the recommended time is from March 5th-15th. RELATED TIP: How to Kill Weeds Without Killing Grass. When it comes to our beloved pets, their health and well-being are of utmost importance. In times of emergencies, having a reliable and trustworthy 24-hour emergency vet near you i...For professional assistance with a pre-emergent application for your lawn, call Super-Natural Landscaping. We can tailor a lawn treatment program for your lawn all season long, or just apply the all-important pre-emergent to your lawn now to help you control weeds later on down the road. Call us today for a free estimate at 843 …When it comes to our beloved pets, their health and well-being are of utmost importance. In times of emergencies, having a reliable and trustworthy 24-hour emergency vet near you i...Here’s all you need to know for the metro Atlanta area: Typically, apply fall pre-emergent between Sept. 1 and Oct. 1 to control winter weeds. Specifically, apply when soil temperature at 2″ is 70 degrees and declining. Check your soil temperature here. Apply spring pre-emergent between March 1 and March 15 to control …The right time to apply your pre-emergent herbicide varies depending on the type of weeds in your lawn. For example, some weeds emerge in the fall while others, …Watering after application will help draw the pre-emergent down into the soil, where it must be to function. ... When to Put Down Pre-Emergent Herbicide. For …When it comes to our beloved pets, their health and well-being are of utmost importance. In times of emergencies, having a reliable and trustworthy 24-hour emergency vet near you i... USDA growing zones in the south will need to apply their pre-emergent around the first of March, but in northern states, the soil won’t be ready until June. Wait to apply your fall pre-emergent until the soil is around 55 degrees again. Daytime temperatures should be 65-75 degrees for the soil to be cool enough. From previous research, we know that crabgrass germinates with 24-hour mean soil temperatures average about 53-55 degrees at a 2 to 4 inch depth for several consecutive days. Because the climate in NC is quite varied (ski resorts in western NC and palm trees in eastern NC), the actual date of the critical soil …Avoid using any fertilizers that contain pre-emergents, also known as crabgrass preventers. These products will harm your grass seed. Do not apply pre-emergent to a lawn that was seeded in the last 3–4 months. Do not apply pre-emergent if you plan to seed your lawn in the next 3 months. “Crabgrass preventer” products are pre …1 day ago · The 11 Best Pre-Emergent Weed Killers in 2024. Scotts Halts Crabgrass & Grassy Weed Preventer. Roundup Landscape Weed Preventer. Preen Garden Weed Preventer. Preen Granular Garden Weed Preventer. The Andersons Granular Pre-Emergent Weed Control. As the sod went down last fall, I would be more inclined to put down a n-p-k fertilizer and apply the pre-emergent down the road. Dimension is a good one to use if crabgrass is a concern which can be applied late as well. If your finding weeds, your better off doing spot treatment with a glosphate free chemical such as bioadvance lawn weed and ... In Georgia, the best time to apply pre-emergent herbicides is between late February and early March. This is when soil temperatures are consistently above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, which is the ideal temperature range for many weed seeds to germinate. By applying pre-emergent herbicides during this time, you can prevent weed seeds from growing and ...For the most effective weed control, pre-emergent herbicides should be applied before weed seeds have a chance to germinate. In North Carolina, the ideal time to apply pre-emergent herbicides is during your early spring lawn care, before soil temperatures reach 55-60 degrees Fahrenheit. This timing will vary …Feb 15, 2023 · Remember, pre-emergent herbicide can affect desirable plants. That includes turf. Caution must be taken if you're applying pre-emergent and seeding the turf in the same season. Seed first, then apply pre-emergent at least 6 weeks later to allow for lawn establishment. Or seed at least 3 months after the pre-emergent has been applied. USDA growing zones in the south will need to apply their pre-emergent around the first of March, but in northern states, the soil won’t be ready until June. Wait to apply your fall pre-emergent until the soil is around 55 degrees again. Daytime temperatures should be 65-75 degrees for the soil to be cool enough.May 16, 2022 · A pre-emergent herbicide is applied before weeds grow from seeds. This herbicide is applied 2 weeks before germination. If you want to know when to apply fall pre-emergent in north Alabama, you need to know that the perfect time for applying a pre-emergent herbicide in fall is early October. Make sure that you remove the spare grass clippings ... Click here for Scotts Weedex Pre-Emergent from Amazon.com. WeedX works by halting plant cell division. If the cells can’t divide, the plant won’t grow. This process can last up to 9 weeks, which coincides with Poa Annua’s growth cycle. The only downside is that I did see a few new weed clumps popping up.The application of a pre-emergent herbicide will help control the seeds in the soil before they have a chance to germinate. You will want to make two applications about 60 days apart. The first application should be around the period of February 15 to March 1 or when the temperature is 70 degrees or above for a few days in a row.In order to stop existing pre-emergent from harming your sod, follow these steps: Wait 6 weeks after applying pre-emergent before laying new sod. Till the soil before sodding, to break up the layer of pre-emergent in the soil. Water daily after sodding, to encourage grass growth and wash out any remaining pre-emergent.Watering in pre-emergent is essential in order to put it to work in your yard. If your pre-emergent comes in granule form, it must be watered in to dissolve it and allow it to break down. Watering pre-emergent allows it to dissolve and penetrate the soil. After application, water pre-emergent into the soil with 0.5 inches of water.It’s never too cold to put down pre emergent, and many people like to apply it in late winter to be sure its present when temperatures start to warm up. When soil temperatures reach about 40 degrees, microbes in the soil start becoming active again and will slowly break down the herbicide. As temperatures increase, the pre emergent …But yes, you were too early for pre emergent, try to put it down before last frost date in early April. Also it’s a good time to seed bare spots now (even if you don’t put any clover down) dizziereal. •. Yeah that’s way to late for crabgrass control. …When it’s too late: If crabgrass has already popped up in your lawn, a pre-emergent won’t help. Instead, try a post-emergent, or if there aren’t too many weeds, you can pluck by hand. Just make sure you uproot the entire weed, roots included! The ideal timing: Soil temperature is above the 50° F for a few, consecutive days.Pre-emergents (weed preventers) are applied to the landscape to prevent seeds from germinating. The key is the timing. Pre-emergent herbicides MUST be applied BEFORE weed seeds germinate. In general, to get good summer weed control in Atlanta you should apply a pre-emergent on March 1. For winter weeds (annual … For those who decide to take that step and put a pre-emergent down in the fall, you do still have the opportunity to overseed a little in the spring while the turf may not take quite as well as it does in the fall. For those cool season blends like fescue and Rye and bluegrass, they can still establish with a little extra love. For those who decide to take that step and put a pre-emergent down in the fall, you do still have the opportunity to overseed a little in the spring while the turf may not take quite as well as it does in the fall. For those cool season blends like fescue and Rye and bluegrass, they can still establish with a little extra love.This particular pre-emergent will fight against your common summertime weeds: crabgrass; goosegrass; foxtail; other annual grasses, broadleaf weeds. It is safe to use on garden plants, decorative plants, yards, gardens, commercial sod farms, and golf courses. For granular – use a spreader to put it down (avoid getting pre-emergent that …Crabgrass preventer is a pre-emergent herbicide. It must be used before the crabgrass seeds have sprouted. To apply the preventer, use a lawn spreader or garden seeder. Apply it uniformly across your lawn, making sure not to miss any spots. Once applied, you’ll need to water your lawn consistently to ensure the crabgrass preventer/fertilizer ...Emergency call services have come a long way since their inception. From the early days of landline telephones to the modern era of mobile integration, these services have evolved ...The best practice is to apply the pre-emergent herbicide a couple of weeks before seed germination. But make sure you use it no later than 36 to 72 hours before …Jan 11, 2021 · From previous research, we know that crabgrass germinates with 24-hour mean soil temperatures average about 53-55 degrees at a 2 to 4 inch depth for several consecutive days. Because the climate in NC is quite varied (ski resorts in western NC and palm trees in eastern NC), the actual date of the critical soil temperature ... Mar 3, 2022 ... Pre-emergent herbicides are a crucial part of yearly weed prevention. They work by preventing weeds from sprouting. There are primarily two ...A pre emergent is usually applied when temperatures are still below 55 degrees. This is so it lasts longer before the temperatures warm up enough to start weed and grass growth. Be sure that the soil temperatures aren’t too low; however, since to work best, pre emergent need to be watered in and worked into the soil.Q: You recommend that, in Atlanta, gardeners should apply pre-emergent on March 1 to prevent crabgrass. What date you recommend in Americus? A: It all depends on soil warmth. Cranbgrass germinates when soil temperatures are 50 degrees and rising. In south Georgia this usually happens around Feb 15. However, last year …Pre-emergent herbicide is a type of weed killer that works by preventing seed germination. That means you have to apply it before weeds appear. Best Customer …LAWN PHIX PRO TIPS. The best way I have gotten rid of Poa Annua was by applying a pre-emergent at the end of summer. I’ve also had luck spraying Poa twice with Tenacity (Mesotrione), but the best post-emergent for annual bluegrass is Ethos 4SC (Ethofumesate). In 2022, I skipped fall overseeding and instead spot-sprayed the Poa in …In today’s unpredictable world, being prepared for any emergency is more important than ever. Whether it’s a natural disaster, power outage, or civil unrest, having the right prepp...Crabgrass pre-emergent herbicides need to be applied in very early spring and then again 90 days later in early summer. The optimal time to do this is 2 weeks before the “average” last freeze date in your area. For the Dallas-Fort Worth areas, the recommended time is from March 5th-15th. RELATED TIP: How to Kill …Apr 19, 2023 · For the most effective weed control, pre-emergent herbicides should be applied before weed seeds have a chance to germinate. In North Carolina, the ideal time to apply pre-emergent herbicides is during your early spring lawn care, before soil temperatures reach 55-60 degrees Fahrenheit. This timing will vary depending on the specific region of ... Watering in pre-emergent is essential in order to put it to work in your yard. If your pre-emergent comes in granule form, it must be watered in to dissolve it and allow it to break down. Watering pre-emergent allows it to dissolve and penetrate the soil. After application, water pre-emergent into the soil with 0.5 inches of water.So what is a pre-emergent herbicide? To put it simply, it's a product that works to stop weeds very early in the germination process. Since a pre-emergent has the purpose of stopping the germination process, the pre-emergent should be applied before the time of year in which the targeted weeds germinate.The reason that is recommended to apply pre-emergent herbicides when the soil temperatures are right around 55 degrees is because if the soil is too cold, the effectiveness of the herbicide will be reduced. If the soil temperatures are above 55 degrees, the herbicides could burn your lawn or crops. It will also …Pre-emergent herbicides keep weeds and undesirable grasses like crabgrass from invading your turf. When you apply a pre-emergent, it is absorbed by …When you first start working out your overall budget, it’s normal to include calculations for the obvious things like rent, student loan payments and even groceries. But there’s an... Aeration at one or two months after application increased large crabgrass cover 5% for oxadiazon at 2.0 lbs. ai/acre, but not at 4.0 lbs. ai/acre. “In a related Georgia study, it was shown that core aeration at one, two, or three months after an application of oxadiazon did not decrease goosegrass control on a ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass ... When is the best time to apply pre-emergent? The secret to preventing and treating weeds is timing. Pre-emergents must be put down before crabgrass starts germinating to be effective. According to Purdue University, crabgrass starts germinating when the soil temperatures reach about 60 degrees Fahrenheit for at …Only time you would is if you have huge dead spots and then you would seed those spots only in the spring. As for pre emergent you want to use prodiamene or Dimension. You should find one or both of them at Home Depot labeled as “crabgrass preventer.”. Use in fall right before leaves change colors and again in Spring right before Dogwood ...Jan 11, 2021 ... Traditionally, in the southeastern part of the state, we know that PRE herbicides should be applied and watered in by about March 1, in the ...The Lawn Weed Control Timing Chart was developed to help remove confusion and guesswork when determining the recommended time of year to control various weeds in lawns. The chart is arranged with a list of common weeds in rows on the left, and months of the year in columns on the top of the chart. The row for each weed …Feb 12, 2024 · Best Time to Apply Pre-Emergent Weed Control. Generally speaking, the best time to apply a pre-emergent herbicide is in early spring or early fall, although the specific time depends on your local weather. Ideally, you should apply pre-emergent weed control when the soil temperature reaches 55°F. Pre-emergent herbicides can be used in the lawn as well as the flower beds. An even been recommended use is to apply a pre-emergent herbicide in the cracks of your driveway and between slabs of concrete and foundation where pesky weeds tend to emerge. Keep in mind when using this product, the purpose is to prevent …Pre-emergent herbicides are used to prevent weeds from growing in your yard or on your property. They come in a liquid form to be applied with a sprayer and a granule form to be applied using a spreader. ... If you put the pre-emergent down too soon, you risk the 12 week barrier being ineffective to newly developing seeds. If you put the pre ...
You simply must have that date readily at hand. • Your first application of pre-emergent granules must be made 1-2 weeks prior to the average date of the last killing freeze for your county. Google that date and figure back two weeks and you’ll have it. • Your second application (that “booster shot”) must be made 90 days after the .... Go to's
Timing for application of pre-emergent granules should be 2-3 weeks prior to that average date. Look on the map. Figure your date and do your own math. You’ll see that for much of the middle (east to west) of the state, that time starts about now. Two of Texans’ most hated weeds. This particular pre-emergent will fight against your common summertime weeds: crabgrass; goosegrass; foxtail; other annual grasses, broadleaf weeds. It is safe to use on garden plants, decorative plants, yards, gardens, commercial sod farms, and golf courses. For granular – use a spreader to put it down (avoid getting pre-emergent that …Applying a pre-emergent product to prevent weeds reduces the fatigue on your body, saving your hands, knees, and back from hurting for days to come. Tips for Use. As with any other garden product, especially a chemically active one, some tips and warnings should be followed to ensure safety and increase the product’s efficiency.27 posts · Joined 2022. #1 · Jun 2, 2023. I applied the lesco dimension fertilizer plus pre emergent .15% 19-0-6 in late march on my zoysia (North NJ). The label says apply once a year or a few times a year in split rates but I used a lot for my first application so there is no split rate for me. Since it is a fertilizer I’m worried I’ll ...I am going to spray my entire lawn with Tenacity, 3 times in the spring to kill grassy weeds. Should I also put down a pre-emergent, such as ...byMike Supdated 1:56 am, 1:56 am. Apply pre-emergent in Texas three times per year to control weeds. First application: late February to early March. Second applicatio n: early to mid-June. Third application: early to mid-September. Pre-emergent herbicide creates a barrier in your soil that kills any seeds as they …Apply your first round of crabgrass preventer (also called pre-emergent herbicide) in the early spring before the soil temperature reaches 55 degrees Fahrenheit …Pre-Emergent Weed Control When Overseeding; If you plan to overseed your lawn at a time of year when you would normally put down pre-emergent, I recommend using this product,* followed 5 weeks later with one of the pre-emergent products listed on this page. This will allow your grass seed to germinate, but blocks crabgrass for up to 6 …GDDTracker starts counting GDDs on Feb. 15. The crabgrass preemergence model uses GDD (base 32 degrees Fahrenheit) to indirectly measure soil temperatures …We use John Deere(Lesco) pre-emergent for all our clients every year. Put down a 0-0-7 with either Stonewall or Barricade, makes a nice barrier ...Pre-Emergent Timing - This is my first year getting into lawn care. When should I be putting down my fall pre-emergent?As the sod went down last fall, I would be more inclined to put down a n-p-k fertilizer and apply the pre-emergent down the road. Dimension is a good one to use if crabgrass is a concern which can be applied late as well. If your finding weeds, your better off doing spot treatment with a glosphate free chemical such as bioadvance …Pre-emergent herbicide is a type of weed killer that works by preventing seed germination. That means you have to apply it before weeds appear. Best Customer …The application of a pre-emergent herbicide will help control the seeds in the soil before they have a chance to germinate. You will want to make two applications about 60 days apart. The first application should be around the period of February 15 to March 1 or when the temperature is 70 degrees or above for a few days in a row.Crabgrass pre-emergent herbicides need to be applied in very early spring and then again 90 days later in early summer. The optimal time to do this is 2 weeks before the “average” last freeze date in your area. For the Dallas-Fort Worth areas, the recommended time is from March 5th-15th. RELATED TIP: How to Kill ….