Learn Nigerian Languages and Culture. See videos, music, movies, pictures, words, meanings, definitions & translations in Hausa, Igbo, Pidgin, Yoruba. Find Nigerian ...Yoruba words for care include itọju, itoju, ṣaigbọransi, bojuto, ṣaisi and bikita. Find more Yoruba words at wordhippo.com!- Translation from English to Yoruba and Yoruba to English Words, Complete Sentence, Long Text. - Instant and accurate translation of the words. This App will be very useful to people wanted to learn Yoruba or English from their native language also useful to travelers, students and everyone who raise their level of language. Iwe …Translation converts a text semantically, culturally and pragmatically from a language into another. In translating a text, translators face hurdles when confronted with culture-bound expressions such as proverbs, idioms, incantations and riddles in a source language. In subtitle ofYoruba Nollywood epic movies, proverbs are often mistranslated …Yoruba words for care include itọju, itoju, ṣaigbọransi, bojuto, ṣaisi and bikita. Find more Yoruba words at wordhippo.com!Yoruba. Read YCB Listen to YCB. Download The Bible App Now. Bible Versions. Yoruba. Read YCB Listen to YCB. Ajọ Biblica, The International Bible Society, ń pèsè ọ̀rọ̀ Ọlọ́run fún àwọn ènìyàn nípa títúmọ̀, títa Bíbélì jáde jákèjádò orílẹ̀-èdè Afíríkà, Asia, Pacific, Europe, Latin America, Middle ...holy-quran-translation-in-yoruba-language Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t6940gx2g Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Page_number_confidence 98.39 Ppi 300 Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4 Year 2020 . plus-circle Add Review. comment. Reviews There are ...oníwàásù, àlùfáà are the top translations of "pastor" into Yoruba. Sample translated sentence: What effect did this pastoral letter have? ↔ Báwo làwọn èèyàn ṣe tẹ́wọ́ gba lẹ́tà sí àwọn àlùfáà yìí? pastor verb noun grammar. (now rare) A shepherd; someone who tends to a flock of animals.Yoruba. Yoruba is part of the Niger-Congo language family classification. It is spoken by 37.8 million people representing 0.4909% of the world’s population. Among the countries where Yoruba is spoken (Nigeria).What's the Yoruba word for information? Here's how you say it. Yoruba Translation. alaye. More Yoruba words for information. alaye noun. explanation, statement, detail, clarification, theory. Find more words!Yorùbá Gbayi. You are welcome to YORÙBÁ GBAYI. This is to project and dignify Yorùbá Language And Culture. Culture includes the Language we speak, the mode of dressing and the way of thinking and getting things done. When you speak the language of a group of ” they, take you in as part of them, much more easily than when you don’t.Just enter a URL to translate a whole webpage. Try Google Translate. Start using Google Translate in your browser. Or scan the QR code below to download the app to use it on your mobile device. Download the app to explore the world and communicate with people across many languages. Android. iOS. Get the app.ENGLISH TRANSLATION. Accent signs on words are very important in Yoruba language, because without it, there would be many mis-pronunciation. The same word in Yoruba language could have several meaning and knowing the difference could be difficult without the accent sign.Search and learn to pronounce words and phrases in this language ( Yoruba ). Learn to pronounce with our guides. Search for a word in Yoruba. Most consulted pronunciations in Yoruba. baba pronunciation. baba. Mama pronunciation. …Unlock the cultural and linguistic nuances of the Yoruba language with Skrivanek’s professional Yoruba translation services. Our team of native Yoruba linguists offers specialised expertise across various domains, including cultural heritage projects, educational content, healthcare information, legal documents and business …The Yoruba name for the Yoruba indigenous religion is Ìṣẹ̀ṣẹ, which also refers to the traditions and rituals that encompass Yorùbá culture. The term comes from a contraction of the words: Ìṣẹ̀, meaning " source/root origin " and ìṣe, meaning " practice/tradition " coming together to mean "The original tradition"/"The ...Translation for 'yoruba' in the free French-English dictionary and many other English translations. bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar share Do you want to learn and speak Nigerian languages like Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, or Pidgin? Visit this website and find out how to translate words, names, jokes, proverbs, song lyrics, and slang in different Nigerian languages. You can also request translations from other users and share your knowledge. Yoruba Translation Services. Translate 4 Africa delivers a wide range of Yoruba translation services into any target language.Our services are of high quality all done in a set deadline, provided by the qualified team of professionals in different fields, for instance the Yoruba legal translations, Yoruba document translations, Yoruba medical …ejo nla. big court. Similar Words. ile-ẹjọ t'olofin noun. the constitutional court, law court. adajọ noun.Yoruba Translation Services by Pronto Translations – bridging languages and connecting worlds. Yoruba’s historical roots lie within the Yoruboid cluster of the Defoid subbranch of the Benue-Congo branch. Alongside Yoruba, this cluster includes languages like Igala and Itsekiri. The standardization of written Yoruba began with the ... New Russian Translation (NRT) Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS) Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST) Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA) Standard Yoruba has its origin in 1850’s when Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first Africa Bishop. Published a Yoruba grammar and started his translation of the bible. The various Yoruba dialects in Yoruba land of Nigeria can be classified into the major dialects area; North-WPA Yoruba (NWYU) Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo, Ogun and Lagos(Eko) areas.29. The traditional Yoruba calendar ( Kọ́jọ́dá) has a 4-day week, 7-week month and 13 months in a year. The 91 weeks in a year added up to 364 days. The Yoruba year spans from 3 June of a Gregorian calendar year to 2 June of the following year. According to the calendar developed by Remi-Niyi Alaran, the Gregorian year 2024 AD is the 10 ...Yoruba Translation Services. Translate 4 Africa delivers a wide range of Yoruba translation services into any target language.Our services are of high quality all done in a set deadline, provided by the qualified team of professionals in different fields, for instance the Yoruba legal translations, Yoruba document translations, Yoruba medical … Online Translation. Yoruba to English Translation Service can translate from Yoruba to English language. Additionally, it can also translate Yoruba into over 160 other languages. Free Online Yoruba to English Online Translation Service. The Yoruba to English translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages. This is the official Channel for our audience who desire to hear the word of God presented in Yoruba Language.All of our Yoruba interpreters and translators are trained and experienced in handling even the most serious scenarios. This includes GP appointments, mental health appointments, legal proceedings, police interviews and so on. We ensure our linguists perform to our code of conduct, ensuring high-quality services and professionalism at all times.In the heart of Africa, Sawatech provides a full suite of professional Yoruba language translation services to serve its primary purpose: to help its clients to achieve guaranteed and lasting impressions on their target African audience. The experience we’ve gained this last decade has made us one of the most trusted partners of choice in Africa. CIT offers comprehensive Yoruba language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Yoruba ... Yoruba Translation Services by Pronto Translations – bridging languages and connecting worlds. Yoruba’s historical roots lie within the Yoruboid cluster of the Defoid subbranch of the Benue-Congo branch. Alongside Yoruba, this cluster includes languages like Igala and Itsekiri. The standardization of written Yoruba began with the ...Translate between up to 133 languages. Feature support varies by language: • Text: Translate between languages by typing. • Offline: Translate with no internet connection. • Instant camera translation: Translate text in images instantly by just pointing your camera. • Photos: Translate text in taken or imported photos.Yoruba. Yoruba is part of the Niger-Congo language family classification. It is spoken by 37.8 million people representing 0.4909% of the world’s population. Among the countries where Yoruba is spoken (Nigeria). Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Yoruba Translation Services. Translate 4 Africa delivers a wide range of Yoruba translation services into any target language.Our services are of high quality all done in a set deadline, provided by the qualified team of professionals in different fields, for instance the Yoruba legal translations, Yoruba document translations, Yoruba medical …The Yoruba people (US: / ˈ j ɒr ə b ə / YORR-ə-bə, UK: / ˈ j ɒr ʊ b ə / YORR-uub-ə; Yoruba: Ìran Yorùbá, Ọmọ Odùduwà, Ọmọ Káàárọ̀-oòjíire) are a West African ethnic group who mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by the Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland.Our Yoruba translators will expertly convey the subtleties of your message in a style and tone that’s appropriate to your Yoruba audience. Short Yoruba translations can be completed within an impressive 24 hours. Our in-house mechanisms ensure that your longer documents are accurately completed to comply with your deadlines. Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. If you want to know how to say orgasm in Yoruba, you will find the translation here. We hope this will help you to understand Yoruba better. Here is the translation and the Yoruba word for orgasm: orgasm Orgasm in all languages. Why not share this page? Dictionary Entries near orgasm. organized ... This Yoruba to English translator can be used by anyone that includes individuals (like students, teachers), professionals (like doctors, engineers, content writers & bloggers), or a company of any size. However, being an automated English translation tool, there are some restrictions. It can't be used for legal purposes. Here's a list of translations. Yoruba Translation. pẹlẹ o. More Yoruba words for hello. bawo noun. hello. ayọnilẹnun noun.Yoruba Translation: “Ẹ máa yọ̀ nínú Olúwa nígbà gbogbo: mo sì tún wí pé. Ẹ máa yọ̀”_ Fílípì.4:4 . Explanation: This powerful verse from Paul’s letter to the Philippians urges believers to cultivate a constant state of joy … Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. This entry was posted in Learning Yoruba and tagged audio, learn yoruba, mp3, Yoruba Alphabets on November 20, 2022 by Bim A. About Bim A Writer, editor and creator of theyorubablog.Learn Nigerian Languages and Culture. See videos, music, movies, pictures, words, meanings, definitions & translations in Hausa, Igbo, Pidgin, Yoruba. Find Nigerian ... Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Owe Yoruba: 500 Yoruba Proverbs & Their Meanings – What’s more, the Yorubas appear to have a smart remark for every scenario and a solution to every query.. When you comprehend the precise translation of Yoruba proverbs and the meaning gained from them, you will realize how rich the Yoruba culture is. It may make you … Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Nov 13, 2020 · Addeddate 2020-11-13 10:24:50 Identifier holy-quran-translation-in-yoruba-language Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t6940gx2g Ocr Here you learn top 1000 Yoruba words, that is separated into sections to learn easily (Simple words, Easy words, Medium words, Hard Words, Advanced Words). These words are very important in daily life conversations, basic level words are very helpful for beginners. All words have Yoruba meanings with transliteration. Eat. jẹun. All. gbogbo. New. Yoruba - English Translation, Dictionary, Text To Speech, detect language, Back translation, decoder, keyboard, spelling, Compare translation, Translate and Listen ... Yoruba Translation. James Find more words! Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Advanced Search Advanced Search: Use * for blank spaces Advanced Search: Advanced Word Finder: See Also in English. James Bond: James bond: James Brown: James Brown: Saint James: Saint James: Nearby Translations. jamboree. jamb. Jamari. Jamaican Creole. …The English to Yoruba translation process was modelled using phrase structure grammar and re-write rules. The re-write rules were designed and tested using Natural Language Tool Kits (NLTKs ...Yoruba to English Translation tool includes online translation service, English text-to-speech service, English spell checking tool, on-screen keyboard for major languages, … Use Mate's web translator to take a peek at our unmatched English to Yoruba translations. We made Mate beautifully for macOS, iOS, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Edge, so you can translate anywhere there's text. No more app, browser tab switching, or copy-pasting. The most advanced machine translation power right where you need it. Yoruba Translation. omodebirin arewa. More Yoruba words for beautiful girl. nwa lẹwa. beautiful girl. lẹwa binrin. beautiful girl.Yoruba. Read YCB Listen to YCB. Download The Bible App Now. Bible Versions. Yoruba. Read YCB Listen to YCB. Ajọ Biblica, The International Bible Society, ń pèsè ọ̀rọ̀ Ọlọ́run fún àwọn ènìyàn nípa títúmọ̀, títa Bíbélì jáde jákèjádò orílẹ̀-èdè Afíríkà, Asia, Pacific, Europe, Latin America, Middle ...Yoruba Translation. omodebirin arewa. More Yoruba words for beautiful girl. nwa lẹwa. beautiful girl. lẹwa binrin. beautiful girl. The current translation rates from Yoruba-to-English sit at $0.12 per word for standard service and $0.15 per word for fast delivery. All listed rates pertain to Yoruba human translation for 2024. Speak with one of our representatives to explore other language services and pricing options. Search the Poetry Translation Centre website. Cancel. Poems Filter the list: Filter by countryThis study examines translations of selected official names/titles contained in news broadcasts in the Yorùbá-speaking part of Nigeria, interrogating their adequacy and appropriateness.The Yoruba name for the Yoruba indigenous religion is Ìṣẹ̀ṣẹ, which also refers to the traditions and rituals that encompass Yorùbá culture. The term comes from a contraction of the words: Ìṣẹ̀, meaning " source/root origin " and ìṣe, meaning " practice/tradition " coming together to mean "The original tradition"/"The ...Yoruba Translation Services. Translate 4 Africa delivers a wide range of Yoruba translation services into any target language.Our services are of high quality all done in a set deadline, provided by the qualified team of professionals in different fields, for instance the Yoruba legal translations, Yoruba document translations, Yoruba medical …What's the Yoruba word for music? Here's how you say it. Yoruba Translation. orin. More Yoruba words for music. orin noun. song, tune. akọrin noun.Native to: Nigeria, Benin, Togo Official language in: Nigeria Benin Togo. 28,000,000. In the English - Yoruba dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, …English to Yoruba Translation is one of the most commonly requested translation services we receive. Why? Yoruba is a language spoken in West Africa and most prominently South Western Nigeria. The number of speakers of Yoruba is estimated between 30 to 40 million, primarily by the ethnic Yoruba people. It is a Pluricentric language spoken […]We made Mate beautifully for macOS, iOS, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Edge, so you can translate anywhere there's text. No more app, browser tab switching, or copy-pasting. The most advanced machine translation power right where you need it. Effortlessly translate between English, Yoruba, and 101 other languages on any website, in any app. Online Translation. Whenever you need a translation tool to communicate with friends, relatives or business partners, travel abroad, or learn languages, our Web Translation by ImTranslator is always here to assist you. Free Yoruba translation service. The Yoruba translator can translate text, words and phrases between spanish, french, english ... Playlist - Holy Quran Recitation With Yoruba / Èdè Yorùbá / Translationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpVJWLX3GQk&list=PLRDuG8RjWswT7yAMsxC1abDFpVKMqYNvDYoruba has over fifteen dialects and standard Yoruba is the written form of the language and the standard variety learnt in school. Standard Yoruba has its origin in the 1850's, when Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first African Bishop, published a Yoruba grammar and started his translation of the Bible to Yoruba More LanguagesPlaylist - Holy Quran Recitation With Yoruba / Èdè Yorùbá / Translationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpVJWLX3GQk&list=PLRDuG8RjWswT7yAMsxC1abDFpVKMqYNvDYoruba words for care include itọju, itoju, ṣaigbọransi, bojuto, ṣaisi and bikita. Find more Yoruba words at wordhippo.com!Using our English to Yoruba translation tool is easy. Simply enter the text you want translated into the designated input field, select the source and target languages, and …Translations of "Ami" into Yoruba in sentences, translation memory . Declension Stem . 3:6, 9) “As you see a Bible student progress,” says a pioneer named Amy, “you feel an overwhelming sense of gratitude to Jehovah for allowing you to be used to give that person a wonderful gift —the opportunity of knowing Jehovah and of receiving ...Sadly there is no easy answer to this! It entirely depends on your needs and requirements and how long you need to use our services. For a document translation, generally speaking, you would be looking at around £0.10 to £0.15 per word in the current market. Interpretation charges vary from £25 an hour.Ibukun in English: What does ibukun mean in English? If you want to learn ibukun in English, you will find the translation here, along with other translations from Yoruba to English. You can also listen to audio pronunciation to learn how to pronounce ibukun in English and how to read it. We hope this will help you in learning languages.Online translations of . Yoruba words into Hausa can occasionally be less accurate than human translators, primarily due to the fact that online language translator software is not 100% precise. Sometimes online. However, it's worth noting that these online tools come quite close to achieving a very high level of accuracy.This work bears signifi-cance not only to Yorùbá but to analytic languages, low-resource languages, and languages that have BNs. Our contributions are as follows: (1) We align a new dataset for the Yorùbá and English low-resource setting. (2) We use our dataset to develop statistical and NMT Yorùbá → English models.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Here's a list of translations. Yoruba Translation. dide. More Yoruba words for rose. ododo ifẹ noun. rose. alapa.Stages in Translation The methods which are chosen and the emphasis depends largely on the design of the system, however, most translation systems include the following stages: Morphological analysis Lexical categorization Lexical transfer Structural transfer Morphological generation Transfer Rule-Based Machine Translation was used in this … Use Mate's web translator to take a peek at our unmatched English to Yoruba translations. We made Mate beautifully for macOS, iOS, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Edge, so you can translate anywhere there's text. No more app, browser tab switching, or copy-pasting. The most advanced machine translation power right where you need it. Browse 22 YORUBA TRANSLATOR jobs ($44k-$71k) from companies with openings that are hiring now. Find job postings near you and 1-click apply! Meaning: Whatever is entrusted with someone, is expected to be taken good care of. Owe Yoruba, Yoruba Proverbs And Meaning. 20. Agba ki wa loja, ki ori omo titun o wo. Meaning: You have to behave maturely, to have bad reputation. 21. Onen p’ aoko s’ oja oun oja p’ aoko si. Meaning: One who gives would also receive. 22. A Yoruba speaker, recorded in South Africa. Yoruba ( US: / ˈjɔːrəbə /, [2] UK: / ˈjɒrʊbə /; [3] Yor. Èdè Yorùbá, IPA: [jōrùbá]; Ajami: عِدعِ يوْرُبا) is a language that is spoken in West Africa, primarily in Southwestern and Central Nigeria. It is spoken by the ethnic Yoruba people. The number of Yoruba speakers is ... You need an online machine translator to quickly translate Yoruba to English. We hope that our Yoruba to English translator can simplify your process of translation of Yoruba text, messages, words, or phrases. If you type Yoruba phrase "Pẹlẹ o ọrẹ mi!" in input text box and click Translate Button than it is translated to English as ... The Translate and Speak service by ImTranslator is a full functioning text-to-speech system with translation capabilities that provides an instant translation of texts from Yoruba to English language, and plays back the translation. ImTranslator translates from Yoruba to English, converts the translation into voice. It then provides a link with ... You need an online machine translator to quickly translate Yoruba to English. We hope that our Yoruba to English translator can simplify your process of translation of Yoruba text, messages, words, or phrases. If you type Yoruba phrase "Pẹlẹ o ọrẹ mi!" in input text box and click Translate Button than it is translated to English as ... Yoruba Translation. eleri Find more words! Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Advanced Search Advanced Search: Use * for blank spaces Advanced Search: Advanced Word Finder: See Also in English. supernatural power: agbara agbara: supernatural being: ẹda ti o koja: the supernatural: eleri: Nearby Translations. supernal. supermodel. supermassive ...What's the Yoruba word for leader? Here's how you say it. Yoruba Translation. olori. More Yoruba words for leader. aṣáájú. leader. ijoye adverb.Ibukun in English: What does ibukun mean in English? If you want to learn ibukun in English, you will find the translation here, along with other translations from Yoruba to English. You can also listen to audio pronunciation to learn how to pronounce ibukun in English and how to read it. We hope this will help you in learning languages.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.
Introducing the English Yoruba Translator app - your go-to tool for seamless translation between English and Yoruba languages. This app is designed to provide you with accurate translations quickly and easily. One of the most unique features of this app is the camera scan feature. This feature allo…. Pacifico
Playlist - Holy Quran Recitation With Yoruba / Èdè Yorùbá / Translationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpVJWLX3GQk&list=PLRDuG8RjWswT7yAMsxC1abDFpVKMqYNvDWe’re available 24/7 for all of your urgent requests. Call now, 1-800-969-6853, to get your free quote in less than 10 minutes! We promise the most accurate, highest quality certified translation services, localization services, and interpreting solutions in the industry. And we are available to provide them any time of day, any day of the year.Our terminology and translation memory management service helps our clients centralize their linguistic assets. wintranslation offers Yoruba translation services to & from English for your business! Call 1-877-742-5982 to get a free quote in 30 minutes!Owe Yoruba: 500 Yoruba Proverbs & Their Meanings – What’s more, the Yorubas appear to have a smart remark for every scenario and a solution to every query.. When you comprehend the precise translation of Yoruba proverbs and the meaning gained from them, you will realize how rich the Yoruba culture is. It may make you …About this app. This Translator is the most powerful translation tool on your Android Device. Translate any sentence or phrase into any destination language, and enjoy a set of useful add-on features such as text-to-speech, and integrated social media support. Whether you want to know the meaning of a particular word or want to understand what ...O dun simply means ‘it is sweet’ or ‘delicious’. Ebi n pa mi (a-bi-pa-me): I’m hungry. Food is life and knowing how to ask for food in north-western and central Nigeria is essential. Ebi n pa mi translates to ‘I’m hungry’. Omi (Oh-me): Water. The hot weather in Nigeria makes omi an important word to know. Omi in the Yoruba ...Keywords: Natural Language Processing, English, Yoruba, Noun-Phrases, Translation System, Context-Free Grammar and Finite State Automata. INTRODUCTION Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of research and application that gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages human beings speak (Chowdbury, 2005).What's the Yoruba word for quality? Here's a list of translations. Yoruba Translation. didara. More Yoruba words for quality. ami idayatọ noun. quality. didara julọ noun, adjective.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Translate words, phrases and texts from English to Yoruba and other languages with this online service. You can also use the dictionary, TTS voice, download and tutorials …Wondering what the American English word for "King" is? Here you can find the translation for "King" and a mnemonic illustration to help you remember it. This Yoruba to English translator can be used by anyone that includes individuals (like students, teachers), professionals (like doctors, engineers, content writers & bloggers), or a company of any size. However, being an automated English translation tool, there are some restrictions. It can't be used for legal purposes. Our Yoruba translators will expertly convey the subtleties of your message in a style and tone that’s appropriate to your Yoruba audience. Short Yoruba translations can be completed within an impressive 24 hours. Our in-house mechanisms ensure that your longer documents are accurately completed to comply with your deadlines.Nov 13, 2020 · Addeddate 2020-11-13 10:24:50 Identifier holy-quran-translation-in-yoruba-language Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t6940gx2g Ocr Our English translator tool provides the most accurate Yoruba translation because it uses the world's best machine translation engine powered by Google Api, To achieve the …- Translation from English to Yoruba and Yoruba to English Words, Complete Sentence, Long Text. - Instant and accurate translation of the words. This App will be very useful to people wanted to learn Yoruba or English from their native language also useful to travelers, students and everyone who raise their level of language. Iwe … Professional Yoruba Translation Services. World Translation Center delivers professional Yoruba translation services for English to Yoruba and Yoruba to English. We can also translate Yoruba to and from over 150 other languages, including all the principal languages of Europe, Asia, South America, the Middle East and a variety of African ... .